Conference interpretation
Conference interpretation is interpreting in a conference environment. Conference interpreting may be simultaneous or consecutive although the advent of multilingual meetings has seen a massive drop in the use of consecutive over the last 20 years.
Legal/court interpretation
Legal interpretation, or court or judicial interpretation, takes place in courts of justice or administrative tribunals and wherever a legal proceeding is held (such as a conference room for a deposition or the location of a sworn statement). Legal interpreting can take the form of consecutive interpreting of witnesses’ statements, for example, or simultaneous interpreting of the entire proceedings by electronic means for one or more of the people in attendance.
Often, interpreters are required to have formal authorization from the State to work in the courts — and are then called sworn interpreters.
Escort interpretation
In escort interpretation, an interpreter accompanies a person or a delegation on a tour, on a visit, or to a meeting or interview. An interpreter in this role is called an escort interpreter or an escorting interpreter. This is liaison interpreting.
Public Service interpretation
Also called community interpretation, this type of interpreting takes place in the following fields: legal, health and local government services, social services, housing, environmental health, and education welfare. In community interpretation, there appear factors which are determinant and affect production, such as emotional content, hostile or polarized surroundings, created stress, the power relationship between the participants, and the degree of responsibility of the interpreter — in many cases more than extreme; even the life of the other person depending, in many cases, on the interpreter’s work.
Medical interpretation
A subset of public service interpreting, medical interpreting consists of communication between a medical caregiver and a patient and/or family members, facilitated by one qualified to provide such a service. The interpreter must have a strong knowledge of medicine, common procedures, the patient interview and exam process, and the day-to-day workings of the hospital or clinic to be able to serve both: the patient and the caregiver. Medical interpreters often act as cultural liaisons for those who are not familiar with, or particularly comfortable in, a hospital setting